Reward System in Educational Settings Essay Example for Free

Reward System in Educational Settings Essay The reward systems used in educational settings originates from psychology of behavior that specifically gives specific emphasis on promoting good discipline in educational settings. Education institutions are able to make significant differences in children’s behavior through setting out definite rules and stipulating sanctions and rewards for violating them. The fundamental nature of such systems is the idea that students can choose how to conduct themselves. Therefore, by rewarding and recognizing good behaviors whereas bad ones are punished, it is believed that students will aspire to choose good behaviors. A number of psychologists argue that in most cases education institutions focus on rectifying bad behaviors only rather than recognizing or reinforcing good behavior among students. They therefore criticize such an approach as being too basic because it eliminates the framework within which students’ conduct occurs and leaves total liability up on individual for their behavior. Although such criticizing arguments have been put forward, reward systems have been widely adopted in most education institutions especially primary and secondary schools. There are argued to impact positively on student’s behavior and performance as well as to teachers (Kohn, 1993). In regard to this, psychologists have explained the reward systems using a number of learning theories which relates the psychology and education disciplines. Learning is the means through which cognitive, emotional, and environment influences and experiences suitable for enhancing, acquiring, or making ones skills, knowledge, and values are brought together. Thus, the learning process puts emphasis on events that occur in the learning environment and this is explained by a number of learning theories. The learning theories clarify on how animals and people learn thus aiding us to understand the inherent complex learning process. All the learning theories which have been put forward by various psychologists are grouped into three categories: cognitive, behavior, constructivism and social-cognitive. Motivation of students is the basic necessity to guarantee success of any education enterprise. The dynamics of motivation can be explained as the types of academic and social goals which students brings into the classrooms, motivating elements of such goals, and the existing reward systems that together control the quantity and quality of learning as well as the will to keep on learning (Deci Ryan, 1986). Motivation has been categorized by psychologists into four groups: instrumental motivation, achievement motivation, intrinsic motivation, and social motivation. However, more than one type of motivation may occur to a student at a given time. Instrumental motivation as a type of motivation is exclusively extrinsic because students carry out tasks as they are influenced by probable final consequences such as the probability of acquiring material rewards or keeping away from a reprimand. Therefore, in cases of such motivation, teachers are supposed to ensure that tasks being performed are put in contexts that students perceive pleasant. Social motivation argues that students execute tasks in order to please people they admire, respect or whose views are of significance to them. In regard to this social motivation, rewards have no significance although tangible as well as immaterial. Besides, rewards are correlated expressly to the perceived association between the learners and the teachers or instructors whose underpinning activities such as praise and approval are considered important. Achievement motivation involves students learning and hoping for success and it has three components: cognitive drive –whereby students attempts to satisfy identified ‘need to know’; self enhancement –learners satisfy the call for self-respect; affiliation –learners seek support from others; Intrinsic motivation is characterized by the absence of external rewards hence tasks are undertaken for the pleasure and satisfaction they bring the students. It appears to be fundamental to high quality participation in an undertaking as well as being self-terminating and self-maintaining. Curiosity and a desire to meet challenges may characterize the learning of students motivated in this style (Ardord, 2006). To clearly explain the system of reward in schools, a few theories are explained. Maslow’s theory of motivation focuses on a person’s striving for excellence and he explained this through ‘hierarchy of human needs’. Maslow pointed out that every human being is a ‘wanting animal’ hence he supposed that an individual’s behavior at any given time is dominated by his/her needs that have largest potency. As lower level psychological needs of a person are sufficiently achieved, the needs for higher level psychological needs come in handy. In the context of education, Maslow’s theory argues that students cannot and/or are not willing to learn or put more effort if their basic needs are not provided or met. Therefore, students require psychological needs to be met alongside their safety feelings and a sense of belonging. Such leads to spontaneous sense as learners who are hungry will not concentrate, nor will learners who are bullied and neither will learners who perceive to be outsiders and without friends. According to Maslow, learners are motivated if they are self-actualized and any hindrances affects learning environment considerably (Ibid, 2006). Skinner came up with a theoretical framework referred to as operant conditioning to explain that human beings cannot learn best without being provided or promised with a reward. He argued that human beings like every other organisms makes a direct and anticipated response –operant- when they are aware that there is a reward. Therefore, in cases where a response happens and emphasized, there is increased probability that it will happen again when a comparable stimulus is present. Hence, skinner argued that student’s tend to learn best when behavioral change occurs. In his experiment, Skinner had come up with learning units referred to as ‘contingencies of reinforcement’. These are sequences within which behaviors or responses are followed by reinforcing stimuli. The outstanding learning principle in this theory states that behaviors/responses are naturally produced without bring out stimuli. Besides, such behaviors are operants as their production can be instrumental in punishing or reinforcing consequences among students. Therefore, this theory is useful in understanding a person’s learning, social interaction, and human development via making open a number of normal law relationships created into human life by God. Thus, the theory concurs on the necessity to have a system of reward in schools based on students’ behavior which seems notable (Tayo, 2001). Penn in his work argues that in self-worth theory, motivation is the one of most vital factors to determine the attitude of learners as well as their behavior as a sense of self-respect. The answer to self-worth is learner’s perception of his/her own capability particularly when compared to others. If an imaginary hierarchy of self-worth is drawn, learners will tend to give ability the first priority, followed by effort and performance. The theory as claimed can be explained by equating both worth and ability. The author quoting other psychologists writes that applying personal goal-setting arrangements (gives learners a chance to define their own criteria for success), outcome-based evaluation and instruction (slower learning students experience success without competing with faster learning students), attribution learning (facilitates uninterested learners to consider failure being the lack of effort instead of ability), and cooperative learning activities (facilitates learners in understanding that individual effort contributes to personal as well as group goals) removes barriers to achieving motivation and redirects learners’ behavior far away from letdown-avoiding activities in educational settings (Penn, 2002). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation theories differ only in terms of goals that different student have. Intrinsic motivation argues that students study just for the sake. The learners derive personal satisfaction as well as learning new ideas from learning and regard the m as a reward (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). On the other hand, extrinsically motivated students are influenced by outside influences for instance praise from peer and teacher, attaining good grades, and/or any other form of reinforcement a peer or teacher can offer. Some people have argued that intrinsically motivated students tend to learn more as compared to those who are extrinsically motivated. Reason may be because intrinsically motivated learners as well extrinsically motivated. However, extrinsically motivated learners are seldom motivated intrinsically. Extrinsic rewards encompasses use of tangible rewards such as payments and gifts so as to keep learners interested in particular subjects as well as motivate them (Deci Ryan, 2002). Intrinsic motivation has for a long time been criticized for its unconstructive influence on intrinsic motivation as well as being claimed to have a short term effect. In regard to intrinsic motivation, learners have the feelings of self-determination, pride, and competence. However, students are highly interested in activities when they are motivated by gifts, prizes, grades, or money as long as they received anticipated reward. Therefore, with time a student who receives a reward for their performance in a particular subject, they gradually become interested in it and develop intrinsic motivation. A big difference exists between tangible rewards (candy, money, certificates) and verbal rewards (praise, positive feedback). Tangible rewards influences intrinsic motivation negatively and destroy self-regulation (Wilson Corpus, 2001). Conclusion Although the reward system has for a long time been applied in schools, a couple of issues need to be addressed if it will remain effective. Teachers and parents needs to be consistent in using rewards and sanctions, the reward system whether individual, cooperative or competitive should be monitored on regular basis, keeping-off from rewards that have monetary worth or those that indicates that school tasks are of no value, and making certain that rewards are deserved and genuine rather than being routine (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). Whichever the reward system an education institution adopts, a positive culture in schools is established reason being efforts and good behaviors of the pupils are recognized. Thus, most students tend to put more effort so as to achieve established rewards and as a result the overall performance of school improves.

Effective Communication :: Communication in Leadership

Overview of Section In Long’s chapter â€Å"Communication† in Leadership Tripod: A New Model for Effective Leadership (2004), Long defines communication as â€Å"the passing of information between at least two parties† (p. 89). He shares general communication principles, ways to improve communication, and evaluate it. His premise is: â€Å"Unless those placing leaders, the leaders themselves, and those under leadership can communicate effectively, leadership will not be as strong as it should be in order for the organization to achieve at its highest level† (p. 87). All involved in communication from the top down need to understand and implement effective communication despite misconceptions. †¢ In the process of encoding and decoding (communicating), â€Å"noise† occurs. â€Å"For true communication to take place, the receiver has to be able to decode the message the way the encoder wants to be understood† (p. 90). Both, encoder and the decoder, need to take the time to ensure a message has been correctly decoded. †¢ It is important to understand methods of communication and inhibitors to decoding. o Vernacular use and inflection are two common hindrances to verbal communication. o The telephone can create communication problems. Voice mail can be impersonal and unprofessional; therefore, these communications need to be clear and thorough. o Handwritten communications include the note, letter, and electronic mail. While the note can be used to encourage and affirm, it takes time and must be distributed fairly and equally. Letters should be personalized, even if database generated. E-mail seems to be immediate, efficient, and quick; however, it can be impersonal and allow the encoder to not be responsible for ensuring communication has occurred and been correctly decoded. o Nonverbal communication includes behavior, gestures, facial expressions, body language, and personal space. Many do not realize the nonverbal messages they send; therefore, leaders need to understand and be able to truly interpret them. Implications for Teacher †¢ Teachers are leaders in the classroom, thereby, responsible to effectively communicate with students, parents, the community, colleagues, and administration. †¢ Teachers need to take the time to ensure communication has been successful—encoding and decoding. †¢ Teachers utilize verbal, telephone, written, and nonverbal communication.

The Effect of Custodial Sentences

What is the effect of custodial sentences on the mental health of young offenders' in England aged between 12-17 years?Introduction(200 Words)There is widespread concern that the prison environment, with its rules and regimes, may have a detrimental impact on the mental health of young offenders, and those with mental illnesses in particular (Birmingham, 2003). The world health organization defined mental health as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community WHO (2014). That is, good mental health is one being generally able to think, feel and react in the ways that you need and want to live your life. But if you go through a period of poor mental health you might find the ways you're frequently thinking, feeling or reacting become difficult, or even impossible, to cope with. This can feel just as bad as a physical illness, or even worse. This research proposal necessitate the rationale for looking into the effects of custodial sentences in the age bracket. Highlighting the aim and objectives for a comprehensive research with methodological justification and the need to scrutinize ethical bias issues in surface. Furthermore, timetable is been developed to facilitate for better analysis and conduct of the research. Also, self-reflection in conclusion is adopted as a way of assessing ways of working and how the research proposal was conducted. Research texts (Gray 2009; Robson 2011; Saunders ; Lewis, 2012) consistently argue – a clear research question supported by a convincing rationale justified by academic literature is essential for a good research project. Background and Rationale for the study (800 words)In spite of the fact that there is a growing body of writing on the mental health needs of young people in the justice system, there remain many unanswered questions.In the year ending March 2016, there were 27,900 young people sentenced in England. This number has fallen by 10% compared with the previous year, and by 71% since the year ending March 2006. However, Community sentences including referral orders and Youth Rehabilitation Orders were most commonly imposed in 68% of sentences Youth Justice Board (2017). Children and young people in custody are three times as likely as their peers to have unmet mental health need, with many having experienced multiple traumas during their young lives such as neglect, abuse and maltreatment. Children in custody are facing a significant shortfall in mental health provision, with some given no access to psychology services and having to wait more than half a year for treatment. Young offenders aged between 12 and 17, many of whom suffer with mental health problems, are being left with urgent needs unmet due to reduced services in secure training centres (STCs) according to recent HMP inspections Youth Justice Board (2017). The 2016 Ministry of Justice review on children who are in the justice system reported that significant numbers of black, Muslim and white working class boys in custody have mental and other health problems. These groups are particularly over-represented in custody, where over 40% are from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, a large proportion have previously been in care 38% in Young Offender Institutions, 52% in Secure Training Centers, and more than a third have a diagnosed mental health disorder Ministry of Justice (2016). All children who come into contact with youth justice services are vulnerable by virtue of their young age and developmental immaturity according to the prison reform trust The Prison Reform Trust (2010).Many, however, are doubly vulnerable, that is, they are disadvantaged socially, educationally, and also because they experience a range of impairments and emotional difficulties. It is well established that children who offend have more complex health and support needs than other children of their age (Mental Health Foundation 2002).The health and wellbeing needs of these children tend to be particularly severe by the time they are at risk of receiving a community sentence, and even more so when they receive a custodial sentence. If these children are not helped at an early age, they can be sentenced to a lifetime of declining health and worsening offending behavior, with significant long term costs to the taxpayer, and to the victims of these crimes. Brief contacts with the youth justice system are only one element of state intervention in the lives of these children and their families; the role of schools, social care and health services are all critical determinants of improving outcomes Local Government Association (2017). There has been evidence that suggest young that people within the youth justice system have high level of needs in a number of different areas, including health, education, and social and emotional well-being (Chitsabesan et al., 2006; Lader et al., 2000). In particular, studies consistently suggest that young offenders have high levels of mental health needs (Teplin et al., 2002) and neurodevelopmental disorders (Hughes et al., 2012). Even though evidence of high prevalence is found, many of these needs are unmet due to lack of appropriate screening and identification and poor continuity of care (Harrington and Bailey, 2005). This is particularly apparent amongst young people in custody. The British Medical Association sets out with clarity and integrity the human rights principles that provide the foundation for good work with vulnerable children in trouble with the law. The British Medical Association report makes it clear, that young offender institution and other places of youth detention are not full of happy, healthy children and young (BMA 2014,p10)Young offenders' experience of abuse has been found to be significant factors in their lives Beyond Youth Custody (2014). The majority of young violent offenders sentenced to custody had experienced both abuse and loss, suggesting that the existence of a double childhood trauma may be a potent factor in the lives of violent young offenders. However, it must be stressed that child abuse and loss are not the only potential causes of violent offending, nor does every abused child become an offender. Yet an unresolved trauma is likely to manifest itself in some way at a later date. Many children become depressed, disturbed, violent or all three, with girls tending to internalise their responses and boys tending to externalise theirs. Such experiences are sufficiently prevalent to warrant the introduction of systematic assessment for violent young offenders. Attempting to address young offenders' behavior without understanding their underlying difficulties can result in unsuccessful and sometimes detrimental interventions. Failure to take account of experiences of trauma and its impact upon child development and emotional well-being will limit the potential benefits of resettlement or rehabilitation work. According to the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (2010) Justice Policy Review, the coalition government published a green paper on punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing which promised a ‘rehabilitation revolution ‘in relation to its plans for dealing with offending by young people, ‘We must do better so that we can stop the young offenders of today becoming the prolific adult offenders of tomorrow'.an emphasis on prevention, on restorative justice, and on informal intervention points to successive governments concerns about the juvenile prison population. They proposed alternative to youth custody, part of their proposal was that Young Offenders Academy will replace custodial environment, instead the focus will be on community and localism, harnessing integrated education, mental health and family services in order to focus on the education and development of the children. Against a backdrop of high levels of custodial vulnerabilities ; mental illness experienced by young offenders (Bateman and Hazel, 2014; Association for Young People's Health, 2013; National Audit Office, 2015) it can be argued that this topic is worthy of a research. Most noteworthy is the need to understand what is working and not working in terms of understanding custodial related vulnerabilities ; mental illness among young people through reviewing literature so as to increase knowledge base in these areas of practice. Aim To explore the effect of custodial sentences on young offenders' age between 12-17 years on their mental health in England?ObjectivesThe objectives of the proposal are: To explore the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK.To examine the overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offender's custody and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement. To assess the impact of government policy in supporting young offenders in and out of prison. Methodology ; Justification (800 Words) The research will engage primary and secondary method to evaluate the effects of custodial sentences on young offenders between the age group of 12-17 years on how being in custody affects their mental state. The most important factor in conducting secondary (Qualitative) research is that enough information could be gather which might help in deciding whether or not there is need to conduct primary research. Qualitative research is associated with the social constructivist paradigm which emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality which Seeks to uncover deeper meanings to human behaviour and emotions and the design of the research determines the sample, how data is collected and how it is analyse (Ritchie and Lewis, 2004). Whereas Primary (Quantitative) research Involves collecting and converting data into numerical form for statistical analysis and statistical analysis which enables researchers to determine to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables, to determine the sample chosen, how data is collected and how the data is analysed (De Vaus, 2004). Information on the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK, Overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offenders both in custody and in the community and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement (custody versus community) and the impact of government policy and initiative in supporting these young offenders in and out of prison. It will look at studies and evidences and also look at alternative therapeutic on youths with severe emotional disorders due to custodial sentence. Government policies will also be look at. The purpose is to test the hypothesis. Sufficient steps to critically evaluate the validity and reliability of the secondary data will be stress. In undertaking a qualitative research, various points of approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research shall be access and critically analyze. The approaches which shall be engage are, firstly the defining of a sample universe by way of specifying inclusion and exclusion criteria for potential participation, secondly the deciding upon a sample size, through the conjoint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns, thirdly selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy for the avoidance of bias, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed consent. The extent to which these various concerns are met and made explicit in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, transparency, impact and trustworthiness. Hence the reason why they'll require considerate analysis. According to current practice for research in custody settings, the consent of the custodial director or from Her Majesty Prison Service (HMP) suffices and replaces parental consent. Eighty semi-structured interviews will be carry out with key stakeholders to ascertain the structures of current service provision, and processes involved in provision and outcome. This includes interviews with youth offending staffs, managers and staff within secure establishments, and providers of mental health services in the young offenders' institutes. Between 20-40 percent of young offenders will also be question about their satisfaction with a variety of different services. All sampled children in YOI at the time of the surveys will be invited to engage from to complete a questionnaire. Every effort shall be made to speak to each participant individually in order to explain the purpose and confidentiality of the survey and the independence of the process. Both boys and girls who might need help to complete the survey due to literacy or language difficulties shall be supported with face to face questioning instead. Self-completed questionnaires will be place in sealed envelopes and collected within the survey time frame. The survey will be conducted to ensure any child protection and safeguarding issues arise during the process could be follow up, each questionnaire will be number so that any relevant comments could be trace back to the respondent. Children shall be made aware of this.Google scholar, Academic search complete, Zetoc and Academic premier will be use as the main search engines. Data base which will be accessed are IngentaConnect, Sage journals online, Science direct, The Cochrane library, and Social care online. Key words which will be used in the search is ‘custodial sentence on young offenders between 12-17 years on their mental health in England'. Boolean Operators which use a simple words e.g. AND, OR, NOT will be used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, to enable result which are more focused and can produce productive results. This should save time by eliminating inappropriate hits.Ethical and Bias issues (400 Words)Bias is defined as any tendency which prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question. In research, bias occurs when systematic error is introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others. Bias can occur at any phase of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication.In reviewing the literature's search, consideration to the degree to which bias may be presented shall be carefully analyze. Avoidance on how bias might influence a study's conclusions shall also be consider. Writing this research proposal proved very difficult in commencing. My initial thought was that it would be less tedious in comparison to writing an essay. However, participating in lectures and engaging in class activities gave me the stamina and enthusiasm to engage in the process. Having not engage in such a process before was definitely going to be a challenge. I started by going through the lecture notes and the weekly lecture slides to be able to understand how to develop a research question. A research question helps you to focus on your research by providing a path to navigate the research and writing process (Punch, 2006). Although I had partake in the same lecture on how to develop a research question, yet my understanding was a little vague. I searched using the Google website using what I already had in mind and I came across an article from the Independent Newspaper talking about the mental health of young offenders. I then engage with the literature search strategy to develop my question. Building on the research question helped me to develop the introduction which in itself was also not explicit. Again I turn to the lecture notes to guide me on that. One of the most difficult task in the process was developing the rationale. I struggle to understand the fundamentals on how to cultivate an effective rationale due to not fully understanding the important historical and contextual events which is vital in research and which informs the reader about why and how the research problem I'm interested in exist.

Human Resource Management Competencies Essay - 985 Words

Challenges faced in Human Resource Management in the Workplace Romonia Fullenwilder HRM5004 Human Resource Management Email:Rfullenwilder@yahoo.com Instructor: Dr. Jean Gordon Abstract Today the Human Resources Management (HRM) professional role is integral with the strategic growth of an organization by managing its Human Capital. Human Capital is defined as â€Å"the knowledge, skills, and capabilities of individuals that have economic value to an organization (Bohlander Snell, 2010). According to a recent poll of executives conducted by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM),†¦show more content†¦Pilenzo’s elements are: to substantially redefine the tactical, strategic, and operational role of HR in organizations, fully develop the concept of quantitative measurement of outcomes; and expand the body of knowledge in HR to include operational expertise and performance standards. Competencies of HRM profession in Human Capital Management Bohlander (2010) states, â€Å"Managers must acquire a complementary set of competencies.† (p.33) The set of competencies are business mastery, HR mastery, change mastery and personal credibility and is an arsenal of expert level skill needed by HRM professionals to effectively manage a human capital. Moreover, competitive challenges are a revolving force in human capital management. Due to technological advancement, HRM professionals are researching and using HR software systems such as HRIS to manage employee payroll and give employees access to their health and pension benefits. In the past, this was handled manually and was very-time consuming for HR professionals. HRM professionals also have to consult with IT professionals to understand technological processes that help manage human capital and businesses. Zeidner (2008) states, â€Å"HR professionals considering any kind of system have had to become versed in the vernacular of information technology—learning concepts once strictly the domain of computer science majors—suchShow MoreRelatedHuman Resourc e Management Competencies2353 Words   |  9 PagesHuman Resource Management Competencies EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Conflicts may arise at any level in organizational setups among co-working employees or between employees and their managers (Bach 2002). 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Case Study My Summer Pharmacy Internship - 1166 Words

The case: During my summer pharmacy internship, a situation arose that there was a middle age male who carried a gun on his chest presented in my pharmacy, he was trying to buy some syringes and needles without prescription. The pharmacist on duty went up to talk to him. During the conversation, the pharmacist noticed that customer’s pupils were dilated, could not respond to pharmacist’s questions quickly, even mumbled to himself. Also the pharmacist saw bruises and some injection holes on both of his arms, so our pharmacist decided not to sell the syringes and needles to the customer and told the customer we didn t have those products in stock at that moment since manufactures put those in back order and not sure when we could get them.†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, if strictly control selling syringes and needles to drug users, pharmacy would then not be considered as a potential sources by drug users to get those products and its normal business would then n ot be affected. However, those addicts would then keep using or even sharing contaminated products due to the obstruction of getting them easily. The incidence of having life-threatening diseases like HIV will increasingly goes up not only just among drug users, but also among healthy people if they directly contact with infected drug users. Connecting concepts: Several professional principles we learned in class could be applied to this case, for example autonomy, beneficence, and non-maleficence. Autonomy: patient has right to decide what they want to do. A lot of state laws do not ban selling the syringes and needles without prescription, so most of the time pharmacists get to decide if they want to sell these products or not, however, this action greatly violates the principle of autonomy. Drug addicts have the rights to make their own choice in terms of living on drug free versus drug addictive lives, moreover, while addicts try to obtain sterile syringes and needles, it illustrates

The Effects Of Climate Change On Daily Life And Eco System

Climate change is a change in distribution of weather patterns in the periods of time that range from millions to years. There are number of factor that cause the climate to changeover the time. The purpose of this essay is to highlight the factors that cause climate change. It also presents the effects of fossil fuel on climate change. Moreover, it discusses the impacts of climate change on daily life and eco system. 2 Climate Change Climate change can be a modification within the organization of weather patterns once that change lasts for an extended amount of your time. Climate modification might occur with a change in average climate, or within the time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions. Climate change is caused by factors like organic phenomenon processes variations in radiation received by earth, morphology, and volcanic eruptions. 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Unique Challenges Facing Teenage Immigrants free essay sample

Unique Challenges Facing Teenage Immigrants BY Tiffany925 America was founded as a nation of immigrants. With the exception of Native Americans, who predate recorded history, Americans are descendants of people born elsewhere. Over the past 500 years, millions of people from different countries have come to the United States seeking freedom, peace, and the opportunity promised by the American Dream. Between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries people came to America seeking everything from greater physical space to freedom from political or religious persecution. During this era there were also thousands of Africans rriving to America in chains. They were sold as slaves to plantation owners. In the twentieth century millions of Europeans sailed to America seeking better opportunities. Although many laws have been implemented throughout the years to regulate entrance to this country, people continue to come in great numbers seeking similar dreams. In fact, over one million immigrants enter the United States each year (PBS, 2009). Passig describes the four main difficulties experienced by immigrants upon entrance to the U. S. as the language barrier, social difficulties, emotional imbalance, and mental difficulties. Most immigrants are not fluent in the English language. This heightens their feelings of loneliness and alienation. The added pressures of learning a new language and deciphering Americas behavioral patterns and social norms can pose many emotional and mental difficulties for immigrants. Passigs research suggests that the ages between 11 and 22 years are not optimal for coping with these difficulties. It is believed that teen immigrants have more difficulty coping with immigration than adults because they are simultaneously coping with the physiological and psychological changes resulting rom age-related development (Passig, Eden, Heled, 2007). According to the U. S. Census Bureau, around 400,000 people try to enter the United States illegally each year. Of this group, about 10 percent are minors. Many endure hardships Teen Immigrants 1 coming to America. A 19-year-old high school student who emigrated from Mexico described his illegal Journey to the U. S. in an interview published in The Grady Journal: l walked a ton and we suffered because there was no water and it was very hot, A man who came with the group died on the way, but when we crossed the border I was happy. My American dream had become reality. (2009). A 16-year-old student also interviewed in The Grady Journal shared her familys experience working with coyotes to come to America from Mexico when she was eleven years old. Coyotes are American citizens that charge money to bring foreigners into the U. S. Coyotes have been known to drop immigrants off in the middle of nowhere, keeping their money and leaving them to die. The student described walking through the desert four days. She also said the coyotes were bad to her family and did not even provide them with water to drink. She recalled feeling sad, scared and orthless during her. However, she considered herself and her family members to be lucky to have survived the Journey since thousands of immigrants have died while the U. S. and later struggle to fit in toa new culture (2009). Regardless of their method of Journey to the U. S. , teen immigrants face a wide range of acceptance, rejection and disregard. They leave behind friends, family and all aspects of life in their native countries in the hopes of making better lives for themselves in America. For many immigrant youths, the transition to high school is the most challenging of their obstacles. Besides learning a new language, immigrant teenagers have to make friends, and adjust to the different technology that is used in American schools. Many immigrant teens also struggle with conflicts posed by their parents desire for them to remain faithful to native cultural traditions and their individual desires to acclimate to the cultural traditions of American teens (Sridhar, 2008). For many teenage immigrants, American schools are their first experience with formal education. In most developing countries poverty and cultural tradition limit the opportunities of female youths to obtain a formal education. Many families, especially those with many children, can not afford the incidental expenses associated with educating their children. The cost of voluntary contributions, uniforms, books, and bus fares can make even free education expensive. When the costs are weighed against the limited opportunities for educated females to obtain paying Jobs, most families choose to keep daughters at home. There she is able to contribute to the household by cleaning, cooking, collecting wood and water, and looking after younger children. According to the UNICEF League Table of Girls Out of School, the percentage of primary school age girls out of school in the region of Sub- Saharan Africa is as high as ninety- four percent, with a regional average of fifty percent. The regional average of Middle East and North Africa, as well as, Asia and Pacific is twenty-two percent. When these numbers are compared to the seven percent regional averages of the Americas rand Europe, it is clear to see the disparity amongst nations (UNICEF, nd). In a January New York Times article, Jennifer Medina discusses the educational impacts of teenage immigrants in New York City schools. Medina estimates that of the 150,000 non- English speaking students in the city, more than 15,000 have had little or no formal schooling, and are often illiterate in their native languages. Stephanie Grasso, an English teacher in the South Bronx, explained to Medina that many immigrant teens have not learned do not have a notion of what it means to be a student. In addition to the expected challenges immigrants face, these children have the added disadvantage of having to learn how to be a student how to ask questions and understand things for themselves (Medina, 2009). The State of New York has established a formal classification for teenage immigrants new to the educational experience Students with Interrupted Formal Education. Statistics from New York Citys Department of Education show a fifty percent increase in the number of Students with Interrupted Formal Education over the past ten years. In 2007, the graduation rate of these students was a mere twenty-nine percent against the citys overall sixty-two percent average. A study was performed during this same timeframe, through which Elaine Klein, a linguistics professor at City University of New York, followed ninety-eight Students with Interrupted Formal Education. Within twelve months, Professor Klein reported that only forty- eight of the students had countries, left school for unskilled Jobs, or disappeared. The State of New York does not offer any additional financing for Students with Interrupted Formal Education. In 2008 New York City provided $2. 5 million to fifty-three schools with a large population of these students; however, this only equated to $165 dollars extra per student. As a result of these limited resources and the negative impact these hildren have on school ratings, many school administrators are allowing these children to fall through the cracks. A principal at a Queens high school was quoted as saying Look, you have to understand my position: what this group does for my school is bring down my numbers (Medina, 2009). With many administrators adopting a similar attitude to that expressed by the Queens principal, many are left to ponder the question of who is going to serve these children. To address this issue, Norma Vega, a New York City social worker and former principal, established Ellis Prep School. Ellis is an acronym for English Language Learners and International Support. In addition to the States standard per-pupil funding, Ms. Vega was able to secure a four year, $200,000 grant from the Institute for Student Achievement, and $76,000 from New York City. In addition to teachers, Ms. Vegas staff includes academic coaches to sit at students sides in class to walk them through lessons. Ellis students are organized into small groups, compiled in such a way as to provide newer students the benefit of working with more experienced students on which they can rely for explanations and translations. The Ellis curriculum includes English, math, history, science, and electives including violin and dance. Ellis has the same graduation requirements as other high schools. Although it is too soon to report on the success of Ellis academic program, Ms. Vega is confident that it will better serve Students with Interrupted Formal Education than the traditional public school system. Ms. Vega has said, If they were all sent to regular high schools, they would simply be lost (Medina, 2009). Interviews with teenage immigrants prove that aside from all the obstacles they face, teen mmigrants find plenty to be happy about