Poetry Pr Essay Example For Students

Verse Pr Essay Dover Beach Matthew Arnolds sensational monolog named Dover Beach (written in 1851/2 however distribute In 1867) uncovers the dull disaster one can see while watching a characteristic miracle Like the sea that Is a portrayal of all of life Itself just as the newly discovered clash of his time that was religion versus science. He communicates his perceptions of life and misery by utilizing exemplification and Imagery to portray a peaceful scene of the sea just to have it upset by the uproarious rocks scratching and crashing into the shoreline, he additionally utilizes a reference to Sophocles to deliver proof of this acknowledgment of endless trouble as not really something new, he utilizes words like just and exposed to show demonstrate the helplessness of man during this season of disclosure, reiteration is utilized in the following refrain with nor to additionally underscore how lost man has genuinely become and how the world has transformed into something so evil. The structure of the sonnet begins with an excellent setting driving up gradually to uncover an increasingly malcontented feeling holed up behind the excellence, moving toward the end expression, for example, battle befuddled and oblivious emit a feeling of misery on the planet as well as In humankind and its absence of being seeped to change whatever the future may hold. The speaker can be thought to be Arnold, likely tending to this to his better half on their wedding trip; albeit one would figure love and expectation would be noticeable all around as of now as indicated by the tone of Arnold there is only hopelessness to see, the pessimism in Arnolds linguistic structure mirrors his perspectives on society precisely, anyway this conclusion is covered up under what might appear to be a beautiful scene yet even with the serene sounds and delicate moon the amazing waters are gradually dissolving endlessly the shore comparably to science disintegrating religion. Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach is an irrefutably profundity full work that shows symbolism that should leave one without a care in the world yet rather leaves them feeling disturbed with the world, which is the manner by which Arnold felt with the world he was encircled In, during this Victorian period everything was changing and little was being held consecrated any longer In Arnolds eyes, while Arnold was not especially a man of religion his Ideologies and governmental issues were regularly reflected In his dubious works that would leave an enduring impression and a perfect time container to reveal conclusions and considerations contained during that period.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Neuroleptic dangerous condition - Essay Example Neuroleptic dangerous condition is no special case since it is a deadly and uncommon mental issue (Varcarolis and Halter, 2010, p. 331). As indicated by Keogh and Doyle (2008), Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is the eccentric response to neuroleptic drug. It has genuine and unfriendly impacts on people that may bring about death. This issue happens when patients: are under neuroleptic medicine paying little heed to the span of utilization, use antipsychotic prescription and patients will display signs and when patients use antidepressants. As watched, dominant part of patients gives indications and side effects of NMS following fourteen days of beginning treatment antipsychotic treatment. These indications, as indicated by Varcarolis and Halter (2010) are: adjusted mental status in patients, strong unbending nature in a patients, hyperthermia, fever, urinary incontinence, engine irregularities, for example, absence of development combined with tremor, and programmed work that is high or low weight (p. 331). Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome can introduce a wide scope of clinical appearances that can represent a test to early location. The decent variety and intricacy of its clinical highlights may not generally be invited as it prompts disarray among medical attendants. All together for the medical attendant to keep away from this, they ought to know about NMS old style highlights, for example, strong inflexibility, programmed shakiness and hyperthermia (Koegh and Doyle, 2008). Moment and legitimate treatment of this malady is exhorted. It requests brief, and acknowledgment of the confusion at a beginning time and appropriation, and usage of pharmacological intercessions, for example, the utilization of dopamine agonist is required. Furthermore, antipyretics, for example, paracetamol can be directed to decrease fever. Brief suspension of antipsychotic is likewise useful as enunciated by Koegh and Doyle (2008). What's more, suggestive administration of this issue is additionally critical. Medical attendants are required to screen patients with this illness

Moral Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Moral - Essay Example Likewise, the general population and the school are additionally included on the grounds that they don't bolster fetus removal. Jane has an ethical stake of conceding that she has been listening in on the discussion of her closest companion, and act that is morally off-base. She ought to be a dependable companion to Sue, who doesn't attack her protection without her insight. What's more, Jane has an ethical stake of uncovering that Sue and her more youthful sibling have been explicitly dynamic and that Sue is thinking about a premature birth. The school has an ethical stake since it needs to keep up elevated levels of profound quality and an astounding notoriety. Indeed, the ethical stakes of Jane and Sue are clashing. On the off chance that Jane chooses to concede that she has been spying on Sue, their fellowship will be undermined because of the attack of security. Furthermore, if Jane chooses to come clean about Sue’s plan of doing a fetus removal, she will likewise be putt ing the interests of her sibling in danger. Then again, Sue’s moral stake includes coming clean that she has been explicitly dynamic and assuming liability of her activities by keeping the infant. Sue additionally needs to distinguish the genuine dad of her unborn youngster. It is Sue’s option to expect her call discussions to be altogether private (Fink, 2008). Expecting you are a deontologist like W.D. Ross, how might you gauge the distinctive good stakes, interests, or obligations against one another? That is, are some ethical stakes â€Å"weightier† than others? Are some ethical contemplations or interests or stakes more significant than others? Would you be able to rank them? From the contextual investigation, it is apparent that Sue’s right to protection isn't as significant as an infringement of an ethical law and taking one’s life through a premature birth. Furthermore, Sue’s right to protection has all the earmarks of being less significant than her guilty pleasure in flippant sexual movement and covertly thinking about a premature birth. On account of Jane, attack of protection gives off an impression of being a less significant issue than uncovering reality,

Gilgamesh - Two-thirds God and One-third Human - Free Essay Example

At the start of the epic, Gilgamesh is said to be a cruel and ruthless ruler who had no regard for anyone but himself. Gilgamesh is two-thirds God and one-third human- thus being his lineage, he believes as if nobody is equal or above him. On Tablet two, a man said to Enkidu, He will couple with the wife-to-be, / he first of all, the bridegroom after. / By divine consent it is so ordained (pg. 15). This quote informs the readers that he would rape men wives on their wedding night. His actions forced his kingdom to resent him. In Sumerian culture, kings were expected to protect the women, not rape them. Kings were expected to act as prominent leaders and rulers. Great rulers put the safety of their people before their own. Gilgamesh was supposed to further enhance the greatness of the kingdom for the well-being of the citizens. The king should have served the people for the sake of his kingdom not help them create a manifestation of hatred within themselves to where they plot against him. Gilgamesh did not treat the civilians with respect or dignity as a king should but instead treated them harshly and like they didnt matter. The concept of heroism in Sumerian culture is all about service. Service to the kingdom and the people that live in the kingdom. A big concept in all heroic epics is The Heros Journey. The heros journey is basically the path the hero goes down to discover who they are and better themselves as a person/leader. Its all about personal growth. In Sumerian culture, there were three distinct qualities that they valued in a hero: bravery, strength, and wisdom. In the poem, the Sumerian Gods are described as all powerful and are to be worshipped. The Sumerians believe that the earth could not survive without the Gods aiding it. The Sumerians did everything in their power to try not to piss of the Gods because doing so would result in great consequences. They know that the Gods are dangerous. But they also understand that they can be quite helpful. The Gods act like careless children and live how they want too. They have their own set of rules and dont listen to anyone else. One way that the Gods intervene in human affairs was when they created Enkidu. They created him as a mirror image of Gilgamesh with the task to overpower and kill him. Another example on why the Sumerians feared the gods is because if one was to anger one of them bad things would occur. The god who brought upon the flood only created the flood to punish the humans for being too loud and not letting him rest. The story told us about Gilgameshs lineage of him being two-thirds a God and one-third human because it makes him who he is. With him being two-thirds God, Gilgamesh felt that he was superior to everyone us, thus making him a ruthless ruler. With this he felt as if he can do anything without repercussions but as this was false. With the information of him being two-thirds god, the readers are given insight to why Gilgamesh is the way he is. Why he acts the way he acts and thinks the way he thinks. This affects his character a great deal because with him thinking this way, he goes down a dark path. He hurts his people and does not act as a good ruler should. One way this affects his character is by him raping women and taking their virtue on the night of their wedding. Gilgamesh was a selfish, mean person who tormented his people. Women are represented as great power and wisdom, but also great temptation and death. In the story, women appear during the heros journey, sometimes to be a guide. In other instances, they make women to be overactive, sexually, and fairly misleading. They use their bodies to seduce men so that they may control them. For example, the harlot in Tablet 1 of the Epic of Gilgamesh. She, Shamhat, is sent by Gilgamesh to Enkidu in order to gain control over this wild man named Enkidu. Shamhat lures Enkidu in, telling him: You are handsome, [Enkidu, you are like a god,]. Not long after, she seduces him, and he and she spend 6 days and 7 nights together. After this time, Enkidu is no longer just a wild man(133). He begins to learn the ways of regular men, eating bread and drinking ale Shamhat told his was fit for a god and a king. Shamhats sweet nothings and confidence-building words, soon leads Enkidu from the wilderness, the only home hes ever known, and into the city. Further down the lin e of time, he even challenges Gilgamesh, the very one who sent the harlot to Enkidu. Shamhat guided Enkidu into a new life, but not before she sexually enticed him with her body. She is a perfect representation of the concept of a woman in the ancient Sumerian culture. The flood is created by the god Enlil to destroy the earth and all the mortals that walked upon it. He felt that the humans were too loud and annoying. He grew irritated with them and wanted to punish them for it. The god Ea betrayed the other gods and warned Utnapishtim that a great danger was coming. Utnapishtim was the king of Shuruppak, which was a extremely prosperous city on the banks of the Euphrates river. Ea told Utnapishtim to build a boat and aboard it with a seed of every living thing, his family, and his possessions. The story does not state the reason to why Ea chose Utnapishtim about the flood. But one can conclude that it was because he was favored by the God as only Ea chose him not the group of gods together. One can also guess as to why Utnapishtim was chosen because Ea spoke into the reed walls of Utnapishtims castle and he overheard him talking about the disastrous flood that is coming. Enkidu is represented as Gilgameshs more reasonable and rational side. Enkidu helped Gilgamesh find his heroic side and turned him from a ruthless ruler to a hero.Enkidu was created to help balance and relax Gilgamesh. He was created by the goddess Arura from a hunk of clay in the forest. Enkidu was created to be a mirror image of Gilgamesh has in has the same strength and temper.Enkidu spoke to the harlot:/ Come, Shamhat, take me away with you/ to the sacred Holy Temple, the residence of Anu and Ishtar,/the place of Gilgamesh, who is wise to perfection,/but who struts his power over the people like a wild bull./ I will challenge him / Let me shout out in Uruk: I am the mighty one!/ Lead me in and I will change the order of things;/ he whose strength is mightiest is the one born in the wilderness! (1.196-204).Before they become bestfriends, their pride and love of power created a feud between the two. Enkidu and Gilgamesh ended up becoming best friends after and Enkidu was the protec tor of his friend on their adventures and journeys. When Enkidu dies, Giglamesh is traumatised that he lost his bestfriend but then he starts to question his own future. A crucial theme that is displayed throughout the poem is mortality. After Enkidus death, Gilgamesh trembled with fear screaming I am going to die!†am I not like Enkidu?!/ Deep sadness penetrates my core,/ I fear death, and now roam the wilderness†/I will set out to the region of Utanapishtim, son of Ubartutu, and will go with utmost dispatch! (9.2-5). Gilgamesh thought that the only way to overcome his fear was to acheive immortality. He set off to find a man who has done this and learn how he did it. Gilgamesh travels a great deal to track down the mortal man who gained immortality. Death is seen as an impending doom and nobody wants to face it. During his journey, he stumbled upon the very man he was looking for, Utnapishtim. Utnapishtim then tells him the story of the great flood and how he was given immortality. After hearing the story, Gilgamesh realized that the quality of someones life is not determined by fortune and stature, but the quality of the time he spent w ith the people around him. Humans come to terms with death when they realized that life is worth appreciating and is all about the people you love surrounding you.

Franklin D. Roosevelt s Accomplishments - 2007 Words

Franklin D. Roosevelt started his democratic political career in 1910 when he was elected to the New York State Senate due to his aggressive and effective campaign. He then went on to become the Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1913 when Woodrow Wilson appointed him after he supported Wilson’s campaign (Hamby). While acting as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Roosevelt worked to expand the fleet and ordered the preservation of the Navy’s Aviation Division. The position gave FDR an insight to the administrative side of a piece of the U.S. Armed Forces and what was to come as Commander in Chief. After becoming paralyzed from the waist down from polio in 1921, Roosevelt returned to public light in 1928 being elected as the Governor of New York. He worked as a reform governor and created social programs to benefit the state which allowed him to have a strong support base in the most populous state at the time. The Republican Party saw this as a strength and selected him as the Republican nominee for the 1932 election (Hamby). Roosevelt ran for President on the promise of a â€Å"new deal† for the American people in the time of the Great Depression and succeeded. On the morning of 7 December 1941, during the end of his second term as President of the United States, the Japanese Navy launched an attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attacks left 2403 people dead and 1178 injured as well as damaging eight U.S. Battleships (Donlan). The attack led the U.S. to join into World WarShow MoreRelatedPresident Lincoln And George Washington846 Words   |  4 Pagesnation s leaders. Franklin Delano Roosevelt had a difficult life that gave him the opportunity to see from the eyes of others who struggled, and use that to help them. Franklin Roosevelt grew up in luxury among millionaires of New York. 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Pursuing An Undergraduate Degree - 1339 Words

So it turns out your student wants to major in art; what a terrible misfortune. After all, it is clear that there are no career prospects in this field due to the high unemployment rates. If by some miracle your student does somehow manage to get a job, they’ll be making pennies, and will probably end up living in your basement. Nobody wants to pay thousands of dollars for a degree that will send your student right back to your basement. Dramatized thought patterns like this one demonstrate some of the common misconceptions about pursuing an undergraduate degree in Art. Unfortunately, it is one of undergraduate degrees that society discounts, as it is often listed as one of the worst college undergraduate degrees (Rapacon). Despite this, Art undergraduate degrees are just as useful and relevant as any other undergraduate degree. Let’s start by addressing one of the most pressing issues that surrounds an Art undergraduate degree; the unemployment rate. 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Relationship Marketing on Customer Loyalty †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Marketing on Customer Loyalty. Answer: Introduction: The company chosen for the purpose of the assignment is Tesco PLC. Tesco PLC, which is trading in market with the name Tesco, is a listed company on the London Stock Exchange. Tesco is essentially a general merchandise and grocery retailer and is headquartered in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom. Tesco tops the chart both in terms of revenue and profits incurred in a particular financing year. To be clearer Tesco is the third largest retailer firm in terms of incurring profits and the ninth largest retailer firm in terms of incurring revenues in the world. It is a public limited company and has stores in over 12 countries all over Europe and Asia. Tesco PLC also holds the position of being the leader in the grocery market in United Kingdom. Tesco alone has a retail market share in groceries of 28.4% in UK. Jack Cohen founded Tesco in the year of 1919. Since 1919, Tesco has expanded its business rapidly and has spread its retailing business over a vast range of diversified products like electronics, toys, software, petrol, telecoms, financial services and furniture. The core competencies of Tesco that has enabled the company to reach such a height are that it has the ability to achieve commendable operational efficiency. The management of the retailer firm has an in-depth knowledge about the customer base that it handles along with the skills to employ suitable methods in order to grow and nurture business in accordance to the changing needs and preferences of the consumers (Wood, Wrigley and Coe 2016). Tesco as a firm believes in developing the required talent from within the organization instead of hiring skilled workers from the outside. This proves that the firm holds a great passion for the business it upholds and therefore manages the highly complex and critical environment of the organization with the help of motivated and self-driven teamwork. The philosophy of the firm lies in the fact that it believes not only in generating enough profit but also in providing quality products to its customers by meeting the needs of the customers through necessary product innovation. The firm also believes in providing a healthy working environment to its employees by developing a culture of mutual respect and trust within the organization (Imrie and Dolton 2014). The major improvisations and undertakings by Tesco in the last five years can be listed as follows: In 2013, Tesco opened its sixth Grocery Dotcom Centre in Erith. This centre has the latest technology and features installed in order to support the delivery business for home grocery by Tesco. In 2014, Tesco entered into a joint venture with the Tata Group in India in order to enter the Indian food and grocery market. Tesco re-launched its premium food brand Tesco finest in UK with over a range of 400 new products also in the year of 2014. In the recent years, Tesco also has contributed to its corporate social duties in a huge way and has successfully been able to become an inspiration for the corporate world. For instance, the firm in the year of 2016 did launch a new scheme of offering free fruits to children during the course of shopping in order to develop healthy food habits among them (Tescoplc.com, 2017). The same day delivery of grocery made Tesco the worlds first retailer in the world to achieve such a commendable task. Lastly, the year of 2017 also marked 20 years of service provided by Tesco Bank. The annual report produced by Tesco PLC for the financial year of 2016 gives a detailed overview into the health of the entity as a group and the current action plan of the group. As provided in the annual report Tesco, in order to match up with the constantly changing needs and preferences of the customers and to regain its competitive edge has undergone certain changes (Ismail 2017). Tesco after enough research has arrived at the fact that the three major demands brought forward by its customer base are that they want their shopping trip to be easier. Secondly, they are in need of better availability of diversified products on a daily basis and thirdly the consumers want lower and stable prices of the products. Highly fluctuating prices confuse the customers and restrict them from trusting the firm. Tesco, in order to meet up to these demands of its customers have undertaken certain changes in the business operations. The firm has taken an initiative in order to make the store structure more simplified. It has invested in more than 9000 customer-oriented roles in their stores (Anon, 2017). In order to measure the effectiveness of the firm, it has been compared with another of the edge retailer firm, Sainsburys. Sainsburys also has its headquarters in UK and is the owner of the second largest chain of super markets in United Kingdom. John James Sainsbury founded the company of Sainsburys in the year of 1869. Previously before Tesco had emerged in the market, Sainsbury ruled the retail market of groceries in United Kingdom (Khan and Korac Kakabadse 2014). Both Tesco and Sainsburys has been facing a hard time in terms of profitability and other related issues but the turnaround plan and the implementation of such a plan has not been so much effective in Sainsburys as it had been in Tesco (Brannen, Moore and Mughan 2013). It is obvious that none of the companies are expected to deliver an excellent performance in the current year but the percentage by which Tescos earnings are forecasted to increase in the future financial years to come is much higher than that of Sainsburys. The major reason behind this is that the CEO of Sainsburys has been internally promoted to such a position. Therefore, he would lack the necessary skills to restructure the entire business operations that are essential in boosting the profitability of the firm. Moreover, the turnaround plan chalked out by the Sainsburys management team does not appeal much to its shareholders. It does not motivate its employees to work for the interest of the firm in order to boost its profitability. Therefore, though both the companies shares are listed on the London Stock exchange, the much more appealing growth prospects and the license to cut, sell and change up to whatever lengths are necessary make the shares of Tesco a preferred choice in the present times. Thus, as it is apparent from the above discussion that Tesco is at a much better position in comparison to its fellow competitor both in terms of current and future profitability and goodwill (Liu, Luo and Yuan 2015). As stated in the question a critical analysis of the financial performance of both Sainsburys and Tesco has been carried out. The ratios that have been calculated are the following: Profitability Ratios:- Particulars Details Tesco Plc:- Sainsbury Plc:- 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Revenue A 64,826 63,557 62,284 54,433 55,917 23,303 23,949 23,775 23,506 26,224 Gross profit B 4,089 4,010 (2,112) 2,854 2,902 1,277 1,387 1,208 1,456 1,634 Net profit C 124 974 (5,741) 138 (40) 614 716 (166) 471 377 Operating profit D 2,188 2,631 (5,792) 1,046 1,017 820 943 76 606 427 Total assets E 50,129 50,164 44,214 43,904 45,853 12,695 16,540 16,537 16,973 19,737 Current liabilities F 18,985 21,399 19,810 19,714 19,405 3,115 6,765 6,923 6,724 8,573 Gross margin B/A 6.31% 6.31% -3.39% 5.24% 5.19% 5.48% 5.79% 5.08% 6.19% 6.23% Net margin C/A 0.19% 1.53% -9.22% 0.25% -0.07% 2.63% 2.99% -0.70% 2.00% 1.44% Return on capital employed (ROCE) D/(E-F) 7.03% 9.15% -23.73% 4.32% 3.85% 8.56% 9.65% 0.79% 5.91% 3.82% The above table depicts three ratios that have been calculated on the basis of the financial performance by Tesco and Sainsbury for the past five financial years. As evident from the table the gross margin ratio of Tesco show a stagnant rate for the financial years of 2013 and 2014, but drop unprecedentedly in the year of 2015 to a negative percentage of 3.39% but the firm manages to turn around in 2016 by incurring a positive gross margin ratio of 5.24% and 5.19%. The gross margin ratio essentially refers to the rate of sales of inventory. Therefore, it is evident from the rates mentioned above that though Tesco had undergone a huge setback in the year of 2015, but the group had enough resources to turnaround and be back in business in the next financial year. In case of Sainsbury the scenario is not so much grueling as the firm has maintained a stable and upward increasing trend of gross margin ratio (Brannen, Moore and Mughan 2013). Next, the net margin ratio refers to the rate of revenue incurred by a firm that is converted directly into profit. The net profit margin ratio of Tesco shows a negative percentage in the financial years of both 2015 and 2017 but the percentage rates differ by a huge amount. In 2015, Tesco incurs a net profit margin ratio of 9.22% indicating the financial turmoil in which the retailer firm has been in. In 2017, Tesco again incurs a negative net profit margin ratio of 0.07%. This indicates that though the firm has incurred revenue in the financial year of 2017, the conversion of such revenue into profit has been over casted by the expenditure incurred on cost of goods sold or other issues like technology disruption. Sainsbury on the other hand also show a negative net margin ratio of - 0.7% in the year of 2015 after which the net margin ratio shows a positive but gradually declining rate indicating a decreasing trend in the rate of conversion of revenue into profits (Mollah 2014). The return on capital employed refers to the return from the investment projects that a particular company has undertaken. In case of Tesco as it is evident from the table the year of 2015 has marked negative returns indicating no turnover from the investment project but the in the following years the company has obtained low but positive return from its investment projects. In case of Sainsbury the financial year of 2015 has marked a positive but minimal return, following which the company has incurred desired returns from its investment projects or undertakings. In the current financial year of 2017, the return on capital employed of Tesco seems to be more by a percentage of 0.03% than that of Sainsbury. This proves the fact that in spite of the hardships faced by Tesco the firm manages to obtain optimum return from the capital employed (Jones, Comfort and Hillier 2016). Liquidity Ratios:- Particulars Details Tesco Plc:- Sainsbury Plc:- 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Current assets A 13,096 15,572 11,958 14,828 15,417 1,901 4,362 4,421 4,444 6,312 Inventories B 3,744 3,576 2,957 2,430 2,301 987 1,005 997 968 1,775 Current liabilities C 18,985 21,399 19,810 19,714 19,405 3,115 6,765 6,923 6,724 8,573 Current ratio A/C 0.69 0.73 0.60 0.75 0.79 0.61 0.64 0.64 0.66 0.74 Quick ratio (A-B)/C 0.49 0.56 0.45 0.63 0.68 0.29 0.50 0.49 0.52 0.53 The above table shows the current ratio and the quick ratio of Tesco and Sainsbury for the past five years. The current ratio essentially refers to the liquidity position of a company that is the ability of the company to pay off its short term obligations with the help of its current assets. In case of Tesco as it is evident from the above table the liquidity position of the company though is positive but is not high enough. A good sign about the liquidity position of Tesco is that it shows an increasing trend indicating that the firm is moving towards a healthy financial and liquidity position. In case of Sainsbury, the liquidity position of the company is not enough high and shows a stagnant rate, the year of 2017 only being an exception. The quick ratio also known as the acid-test ratio reveals a more focused view into the liquidity position of the company as it does not include components like inventory that is more difficult to liquidate. Even in case of quick ratio as it is evident from the above table, Tesco has a sturdier liquidity position in comparison to Sainsbury. Efficiency Ratios:- Particulars Details Tesco Plc:- Sainsbury Plc:- 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cost of revenue A 60,737.00 59,547.00 64,396.00 51,579.00 53,015.00 22,026.00 22,562.00 22,567.00 22,050.00 24,590.00 Opening inventory B 3,598.00 3,744.00 3,576.00 2,957.00 2,430.00 938.00 987.00 1,005.00 997.00 968.00 Closing inventory C 3,744.00 3,576.00 2,957.00 2,430.00 2,301.00 987.00 1,005.00 997.00 968.00 1,775.00 Average inventory D=(B+C)/2 3,671.00 3,660.00 3,266.50 2,693.50 2,365.50 962.50 996.00 1,001.00 982.50 1,371.50 Opening payables E 11,234.00 6,036.00 5,831.00 5,076.00 4,545.00 2,740.00 1,908.00 1,846.00 2,089.00 2,082.00 Closing payables F 6,036.00 5,831.00 5,076.00 4,545.00 8,875.00 1,908.00 1,846.00 2,089.00 2,082.00 2,685.00 Average payables G=(E+F)/2 8,635.00 5,933.50 5,453.50 4,810.50 6,710.00 2,324.00 1,877.00 1,967.50 2,085.50 2,383.50 Inventory turnover 365/(A/D) 22.06 22.43 18.51 19.06 16.29 15.95 16.11 16.19 16.26 20.36 Payables turnover 365/(A/G) 51.89 36.37 30.91 34.04 46.20 38.51 30.37 31.82 34.52 35.38 The above table shows the efficiency ratio of Tesco and Sainsbury for the past five financial years. Efficiency ratio refers to the ability of a company to utilize its assets and liabilities internally. Efficiency in terms of usage of inventory or inventory turnover and repayment of liabilities or payable turnover has been used as a scale of measurement of the efficiency of the firms in the above table. Therefore, as it is evident Tesco represents a decreasing trend of efficiency revealing that the company has not achieved the desired turnover from inventory or has not ensured the optimum utilization of the inventory. In case of Sainsbury the efficiency ratio of inventory turnover has been increasing since the last five years with an increasing trend indicating that the company has ensured obtaining the desired turnover from inventory (Cushman and Burke 2014). In case of repayment of liability or the payable turnover ratio Tesco has observed a decreasing trend indicating the inabilit y of the firm to pay off its suppliers or other stakeholders. However, the year of 2017 has been an exception displaying a turnaround for Tesco as the efficiency ratio has increased to a 46.2%. However, in the case of Sainsbury the percentage has been moving around a stagnant 35% indicating no improvement in the efficiency in paying out its stakeholders. Solvency Ratios:- Particulars Details Tesco Plc:- Sainsbury Plc:- 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total liabilities A 33,486 35,449 37,143 35,278 39,415 6,962 10,537 10,998 10,608 12,865 Total equity B 16,643 14,715 7,071 8,626 6,438 5,733 6,003 5,539 6,365 6,872 Operating profit C 2,188 2,631 (5,792) 1,046 1,017 820 943 76 606 427 Interest expense D 445 447 499 498 517 128 131 123 120 114 Gearing ratio A/(A+B) 0.67 0.71 0.84 0.80 0.86 0.55 0.64 0.67 0.62 0.65 Times interest earned ratio C/D 4.92 5.89 -11.61 2.10 1.97 6.41 7.20 0.62 5.05 3.75 Gearing ratio refers to the ratio that compares the owners equity with the funds borrowed by the company. This means that lower the gearing ratio of a company, more is the financial stability of the company. As is evident from the table the gearing ratio of Tesco has been high with an increasing trend through the last five financial years indicating increased debt borrowing of the firm. However, in case of the latter, Sainsbury maintains a high but stagnant gearing ratio indicating that Sainsbury has exercised control over the amount of borrowed debt through the past financial years. The times interest earned ratio refers to the ability of a company to pay off its debtors and stakeholders. Therefore higher the times interest earned ratio, more is the probability of the firm to pay off its stakeholders. Thus, as it is evident from the above table the ability of Tesco to pay off its stakeholders is much lower than that of Sainsbury. However, if critically analysed the times interest ea rned ratio of Tesco seems to increase after the negative percentage value incurred in the financial year of 2015 but in case of Sainsbury the ratio seems to decrease with a decreasing trend indicating that Sainsbury is gradually entering a concerning phase. Thus, after analysing the above-mentioned ratios the conclusion that has been arrived at is that Tesco in spite of facing a dreadful financial year of 2015 has been able to turn around business and take serious initiative to restructure the entire business operation in accordance to the changing demands and preferences of the consumers. However, the company is still in turnaround phase and has not been able to reap the benefits of the implemented plan yet, the forecasts of the significant ratios show that Tesco as a group is again emerging as a leader in the retail market of UK. In case of Sainsbury, though the significant ratios indicate that the firm is entering a bad financial phase and immediate steps should be taken in order to mitigate the upcoming disaster (Aluko et al., 2017). The management at Tesco already has implemented the turnaround plan that is yet to reap the required benefits. For instance, Tesco in order to win back the trust of the consumers have restructured its stores, simplified the system, increased the availability of the products that are popular among the customer base and introduced a reporting system in the stores for critically analysing the customer feedback. Tesco also in order to gain the trust of its customers has introduced a policy named Brand Guarantee. Brand Guarantee as a policy has fetched Tesco enough trust and goodwill from its consumers (Alam 2013). Brand Guarantee is a norm imposed by Tesco that if a customer gets a Tesco product at a cheaper rate in comparison to the rate at which it is sold in a branded shop then the company would not charge that particular customer anything, that is, the customer would get the product free. According to the disclosure provided in the annual report such restructuring of policies and bus iness operations have led to significant positive changes in business in the financial year of 2016. The sales volume went as high as up to 3.3% and the transactions reached a mighty 2.8%. However, the management of Tesco should also look into cost reduction techniques so that the revenue gained can be directly converted into profits. This will boost the significant ratios and the firm has to depend less on funds borrowed from outside, thus, lowering the gearing ratio. Tesco as a group has enough resources in order to be back in business and be the largest groceries retailer in (UK Mller 2015). However in case of Sainsbury though the recent financial performance by the firm indicate a stable environment but the trends in the significant ratios indicate an upcoming financial disaster that Sainsbury is about to face. The management at Sainsbury should consider techniques that will provide enough boost to the financial structure of the firm and lift it from the phase of stagnation that the firm is currently in. Sainsbury should consider restructuring of the entire organization. For instance, it should consider appointment of a CEO from outside so that a new outlook is applied to the proceedings of the company, which will ultimately help in preparation of an effective turnaround plan (Cuthbertson, Furseth, and Ezell 2015). Though the above analysis has been done based upon the significant ratios, it should also be noted that there are certain limitations up to which the ratios can be accurately forecasted. For instance, the year of 2015 has affected forecast for Tesco. Therefore, certain seasonal factors or economic inflations restrict the forecasting ability of the significant ratios. Usefulness of accounting rate of return (ARR): ARR is explained as the return or profit, which an organisation could expect depending on the investment made. This method of capital budgeting is useful for an organisation in the following ways: This method is simple to understand and easy to compute. It takes into account the overall profits or savings over the total period associated with the economic life of the project. As pointed out by Ahmed (2013), this method realises the concept pertaining to net earnings, which is earnings after tax and depreciation. This is considered as a critical factor in the appraisal associated with an investment proposal. ARR helps in facilitating the contrast of a new product project with that of cost minimising project or other projects having competitive nature. ARR provides a clear depiction associated with the profitability of a project. ARR takes into account the accounting profit concept to compute the rate of return and the accounting profit could be computed readily from the records of accounts. ARR helps in fulfilling the owners interests, as their intention is to gain an insight on the return on investment. Finally, ARR could be used to gauge the present performance of an organisation. Usefulness of payback period (PBP): The payback period is a method of assessment used in ascertaining the time needed for the cash flows from a project to repay the initial outlay in the project. This method is extremely useful on certain occasions and they are depicted briefly as follows: The PBP concept is highly simple to compute and understand. When involved in a rough evaluation of a proposed project, the payback period could be computed probably without the use of an electronic spreadsheet or a calculator. This evaluation is concentrated on the amount of time the money could be re-earned from an investment and this is primarily a measure of risk. Hence, the payback period could be utilised in contrasting the relative risk of projects with changing payback periods (Andor, Mohanty and Toth 2015). NPV is the method, which computes the current value of future cash inflows in excess of the current value of the initial outlay. The most significant benefit of this method is that it considers the basic idea that a future currency is worth less in contrast to a currency today. In each period, the cash inflows are discounted through another period of cost of capital. In addition, NPV method depicts whether an investment would develop value for the organisation or an investor and the amount in terms of any currency (Burns and Walker 2015). In the provided case, it has been found that an investment of 1,112,000 in G120 would raise the value of the organisation by 284,864 at the time the cash flows are discounted back now. The final benefits are that the method of NPV considers the capital cost and the risk present in making future projections. From the general perspective, an estimation of cash flows 10 years into future is less certain inherently in contrast to the projected cash flows next year. The cash flows, which are estimated further in future, have lower influence on NPV in contrast to the predictable cash flows occurring in earlier periods. Usefulness of internal rate of return (IRR): Internal rate of return (IRR) is a metric utilised in capital budgeting gauging the profitability of potential investments. It is the rate of discount, which makes NPV of all cash flows from a specific project equal to zero (Chittenden and Derregia 2015). The IRR is useful for an organisation in a number of ways, which is discussed as follows: The most significant advantage of this method of investment appraisal is that it takes into account the time value of money in analysing a project. This is a big drawback in case of accounting rate of return. The most attractive stuff regarding this method is that it is very easy to interpret after the computation of IRR. In addition, it could be easy to visualise for the managers and this is the reason it is preferred until the time they come across various occasional situations like mutually exclusive projects. The hurdle rate is a complex and subjective stuff to decide. In IRR, the required rate of return or hurdle rate is not needed to determine IRR. It is independent of the hurdle rate and thus, the risk of an incorrect determination of hurdle rate is mitigated. Required rate of return is a rough projection being made on the part of the managers and the IRR method is not completely dependent on the required rate of return. After the determination of IRR, it could be compared with the hurdle rate. In case, the IRR is far away from the anticipated hurdle rate, the manager could undertake the decision safely on either side while keeping a room for the errors of estimation (Daunfeldt and Hartwig 2014). Based on the provided table, it could be stated that the ARR of G120 has been 18%, while the same for Z125 has been 14.7%. This depicts that SD Limited could earn higher profit, if it decides to invest in G120 machine. On the other hand, the payback period of G120 has been 2 years 10 months, while the same for Z125 has been 3 years 8 months. The lower the payback period, the better it is for the organisation to recover its initial investment within shorter timeframe (Hasan 2013). However, the economic life of the project is not present in the provided information and hence, this measure would not be adjudged appropriate solely to arrive at the outcome. The NPV for G120 has been 284,864, while the same for Z125 has been 420,194. The higher the NPV, the better is the overall return on investment for the organisation and greater profit margin. In this case, both the machines have positive NPV; however, the NPV for Z125 has been greater in contrast to G120. Thus, based on this measure of capital budgeting, Z125 would fetch better return and higher profitability for SD Limited. On the other hand, the IRR for G120 has been 25%, while the same for Z125 has been 20%. If the value of IRR is greater than the hurdle rate or required rate of return, the investment or project is considered feasible for the organisation. In this case, both the machines have greater IRR compared to the required rate of return. However, the IRR for G120 has been greater, which denotes that investment in this machine would fetch better returns for SD Limited. Based on the above evaluation, it could be advised to SD Limited to go ahead with the Z125 machine due to its higher NPV compared to G120. This is because NPV is the most superior measure of investment appraisal and it considers the capital cost and the risk present in making future projections. In addition, the cash flows, which are estimated further in future, have lower influence on NPV in contrast to the predictable cash flows occurring in earlier periods. According to the provided information, it could be stated that both NPV and PBP gauge the financial feasibility of capital projects. Therefore, PBP favours the G120 option, while NPV favours the Z125 option. In order to evaluate this statement, it could be stated that PBP is the amount of time needed to recover the overall investment cost. The PBP of a provided project or investment is a significant determinant of whether to undertake the project or position, since longer payback periods are not feasible for investment options (Hise and Strawser 2013). However, this method ignores the time value of money unlike the other measures of investment appraisal like internal rate of return, net present value or discounted cash flow. In addition, it has been observed that majority of the capital budgeting techniques consider the time value of money. The time value of money is of the notion that the cash in hand on the current date is valued more in contrast to what it would be in future, since it could be invested for generating returns. Hence, if an investor is paid on a future date, it might take into account opportunity cost. However, the payback period does not take into account the time value of money. In fact, there is full disregard of the time value of money in the payback method, which is computed by counting the number of years it takes to gain back the invested cash. In case, it takes five years for an investment to regain the cost, the payback period would be five years (Lam and Oshodi 2015). Some analysts favour the payback method due to its simplicity, while others utilise it as additional point of reference in the framework of capital budgeting decision. In this case, the payback period for G120 has been given as 2 years 10 months, while the payback period for Z125 has been 3 years 8 months. As evaluated above, a shorter payback period is always favourable, as the initial investment could be recovered before the economic life of the project. In case of SD Limited, although the economic life of the project is not given, the payback period for G120 has been lower compared to Z125. Thus, this method favours the first option for SD Limited. On the other hand, NPV is based on cash flows; thus, it is a better measure than payback period, which is dependent on accounting profit. This is because accounting profit could be subjective (Levin and Hallgren 2017). In addition, the time value of money is considered in this method, which is a basic concept to investment appraisal. Hence, it is superior to the payback period, since the latter does not consider the time value of money. Moreover, this measure gives absolute outcomes and such information is extremely useful while considering the large investment projects. Furthermore, this measure needs special knowledge in computing and it needs special skills as well in understanding this method. Hence, this method is considered difficult to compute and understand. Finally, it considers the discount rate, which is sometimes complex to calculate. However, such consideration of discount rate helps in providing the accurate outcomes. Since the Z125 option has greater NPV compared to G1 20, this method favours the first alternative. It has been observed that the computation of IRR is extremely difficult. This is because the IRR is the rate of discount, which would lead to a zero NPV. As the NPV of a project has inverse correlation with the rate of discount, if the latter rises, the future cash flows become uncertain. Thus, the worth of the future cash flows is minimised. The yardstick for the computations of IRR is the actual rate used on the part of the organisation in discounting after tax cash flows. An IRR greater compared to the cost of capital denotes that the capital project is a profitable endeavour and vice-versa. The basic advantage of implementing IRR as a tool of decision-making is that it provides a yardstick figure for each project, which could be assessed in relation to the capital structure of an organisation. As laid out by Lima et al. (2017), the IRR would produce the identical kinds of decisions like the models of NPV and this allows organisations to contrast projects based on returns on inves ted capital. However, the IRR does not provide a true overview of the value, which a project would add to an organisation. It provides a yardstick figure for what the projects need to be accepted depending on the cost of capital of the organisation. In addition, this measure does not enable for an effective comparison of mutually exclusive projects; thus, the managers might be able to ascertain that both the projects are advantageous to the organisation. However, they would not be able to decide the better option, if only one is accepted. Another error associated with the utilisation of IRR evaluation is that the cash flow streams from a project are unconventional, which implies that there are additional cash outflows following the initial investment. The unconventional cash flows are inherent in capital budgeting, as many projects need future capital outlays for repairs and maintenance (Mbabazize and Daniel 2014). Under such situation, there might not be any existence of IRR or the internal rates of return might be multiple. The IRR is a useful measure of valuation at the time of evaluating individual capital budgeting projects, not the mutually exclusive projects. It provides a better alternative of valuation to the payback method; however, it lacks in several major requirements. Based on the provided situation, it could be observed that the Finance Director of SD Limited has been confident that the IRR for both the options would exceed 15%. This is because both the options have positive NPV and accounting rate of return. This denotes that the IRR of the two options would be greater compared to the cost of capital. In addition, the hurdle rate is a complex and subjective stuff to decide (Mukherjee, Al Rahahleh and Lane 2016). 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The use of capital budgeting techniques: an outlook from Italy.International Journal of Management Practice,8(1), pp.43-56. Tescoplc.com. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/media/264194/annual-report-2016.pdfhttps://www.tescoplc.com/media/264194/annual-report-2016.pdf [Accessed 16 Nov. 2017]. Wood, S., Wrigley, N. and Coe, N.M., 2016. Capital discipline and financial market relations in retail globalization: insights from the case of Tesco plc. Journal of Economic Geography, 17(1), pp.31-57.

Stupid Questions free essay sample

My teachers have lied to me since I was seven. Every year, theyve reassured my class that there are no stupid questions. But, recently, Ive discovered that I ask stupid questions all the time – some are irrelevant, some are obvious, and most are far from scholarly. Throughout the day, a puzzled voice chirps these questions into my eardrum. As the questions â€Å"how did medieval people with poor eyesight see?† and â€Å"where do roadkill go?† resonate in my head, they naturally seep out through my lips. My family, accustomed to hearing me make random inquiries, chooses to ignore them. When my intonation rises, my sister doesnt even look at me. When I begin a sentence with â€Å"why,† my mom tells me to Google it. Although my family dismisses these questions as annoying, I picture them as fuel for the furnace of curiosity. Without discriminating between insightful and obvious inquiries, the embers alight from any source of nourishment. We will write a custom essay sample on Stupid Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the flames grow, each question builds upon the prior – â€Å"how did medieval people with poor eyesight see?† evolves into â€Å"what precipitated the invention of eyeglasses?† – until magic happens. I understand the impact of literacy in a whole new context. Spontaneously, I gasp with inspiration, a gust big enough to blow out the mental wildfire, thereby creating fertile ground for a dull question on another day. Im able to have these mini-epiphanies because of the allegedly stupid questions I ask. I acknowledge that my questions aren’t scholarly, but I’ve already found that it’s impossible to change the way my brain works. Sometimes, a one-line statement from Wikipedia is enough to satisfy my curiosity. More often than not, I need more. My ideas may be silly and erratic, but theyre the unpredictable products of my thought process. Since I do quite a bit of thinking every day, Ive accepted that for me, thinking begins with a stup id question. Even though Ive been asking random questions since I could formulate complete sentences, the spool of intriguing topics never seems to run out. When my mom enrolled me in kindergarten, she hoped that going to school would abate my curiosity, but its only expanded it. As I learn more, the questions quadruple – which means a lot of Googling. Despite the annoyed looks I receive and the awkward silences that follow my unanswered inquiries, my mind is free to zip-line from one thought to another, all branching off from an â€Å"irrelevant† question. Then, I suppose, my teachers are right. There are no stupid questions because they develop into something greater, maybe even something scholarly. It’s evolution at its finest.

Pee Wee Scouts Thanksgiving essays

Pee Wee Scouts Thanksgiving essays Pee Wee Scouts are a group of kids that do good things On thanksgiving they made baskets for the poor people. So the poor people had somthing to eat on thanksgiving. Now isn't that nice. When they were filling the baskets they found a unlabled can. Their teacher Mrs. Petters told them to put one unlabled can in each basket. She also said "They will suprsed what is in the can". They visit a turkey farm and Sonny went to cry because he wanted a pet turkey. So he cryed and cryed until he gets the turkey he wants. It's name is Tiger. Mrs. Petters tell them they are going to do a play. About pilgrims and Indains. With the mayor wachting them. They do the play and Rachel tells everyone she won't forget her part.Molly told Rachel she would not remeber her line.When it was time for Rachel to say her part she didn't remeber her line. So Molly helped Rachel say her line. Molly said her line great. Sonny has to bring Tiger back to the farm were Tigers firends live. "He was lonley anyway". said Sonny. ...

Global Warming and other Ecology Issues; The Energy Crunch Essay

Global Warming and other Ecology Issues; The Energy Crunch - Essay Example These gases allow sunlight to penetrate the atmosphere then trap some of the solar energy which heats the earth (Breuer, 1980). It is a delicate balance and because these greenhouse gases have been artificially augmented by man-made sources, more build up in the atmosphere has occurred thus trapping more of the sun’s energy and reflecting less back in to space. This occurrence is causing the earth to warm. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent of the greenhouse gases. Although deforestation is contributing heavily to the excess of CO2 in the atmosphere, a larger portion is caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal. Fossil fuels are burned by factories, vehicles and electricity-producing power plants to name a few sources. Other greenhouse gases include methane, which is released when vegetation is burned during land clearing, during oil exploration activities and the coal-mining process; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which is the substance that cools refrigerators and provides the propulsion in aerosol cans and nitrous oxide (N2O) which is the lesser cause of CO2 (Breuer, 1980). It is generated from both man-made and natural processes. Although warnings about the human generated causes of an enhanced greenhouse effect and the subsequent catastrophic outcomes have been sounded for over 100 years, global warming has only recently become an important political matter. One would have to wonder what enormous problems this will cause not only to people and property but to the health of the global economy as a whole. Entire sections of various countries will be forced to abandon their homes and businesses. The process will be a slow and torturous one. Agriculture activity, land masses and the very air we breathe will suffer a radical change from the effects of global warming. The question before us is, are we stewards of our earth and will we preserve it for future

EMOTIONS AND HOW COMPANIES UNDERSTAND AND USE IT TO INFLUENCE ON Essay

EMOTIONS AND HOW COMPANIES UNDERSTAND AND USE IT TO INFLUENCE ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR - Essay Example Consumer emotional behavior is a mixture of elements of economics, sociology, psychology and social anthropology. It attempts to examine the behavior processes behind decision making of buyers at groups and individual level (Arora 2013, 53). In addition, it studies the characters of individual buyers, for example, their location and behavior changes to understand people’s need and wants. It also assesses the impact family, reference groups, friends and society have on the consumer. The study of customer emotional behavior depends on the consumer buying conduct. The customer plays three important roles: user, buyer and payer. Research conducted by Foxall shows that it is difficult to predict the behavior of consumers (Foxall 2013, 24). Relationship marketing best analyzes the behavior of the customer because it focuses on the importance of the buyer or customer. It emphasizes on customer relationship management, customization, consumer retention, one-to-one marketing and person alization. Social function is divided into welfare function and social choice. One of the most difficult and important task is to understand why consumers make decisions. For example, a teenager drinks Pepsi from Pepsi Company and not Coke from Coca-Cola Company, or the choice to drive a minivan car and not an SUV. In the examples, the product feature (De Cremer 2008) rarely drives the consumer’s emotional choice. The consumers’ choice is deeper than the features of the product, and so marketers need to understand the drivers of consumers at an emotional level in order to create a persuasive message. To understand what triggers this emotional decision, marketers do qualitative research and quantify the result. The method is effective though the managers are asking the researchers what to do to make the consumers buy their products and not wander away. The traditional method fails to analyze what triggers the consumers’ emotions and focus more on the products and their benefits (Saad 2011, 64). The research ends up with a result that is not sufficient because they fail to get what captures the mind and the heart of the buyers. Researchers also employ Means-end Approach method, which applies interview technique. The method uncovers consequences, personal values and emotions that trigger the choice of the consumers. It consists of full-trained interviewers who gather quality data and get it coded for analysis (Foxall 2008, 32). The researchers gets to understand consumer choice and put advertising messages of their brands or products to get their consumer choice. The message is persuasive and drives consumers’ behavior. There are six methods to get customers to buy products. Customers buy products because of their benefits not the features associated with them. Most marketing and sales adverts talk about features leaving out benefits for customers to figure them out. The first way is letting the customers differentiate between a featur e and benefit. A feature is what a service or product does while a benefit is what the service or product means to the customer. The second way is avoiding use of big difficult words. This leaches off emotion. For example, this advert is wrong: Robust implementation of 347986protocol. Something like this is more appealing: One can connect nearly everywhere. The third method is using clear but plain language. A customer is able to recollect the benefits of product if simple strong words that trigger emotions are used. The fourth way is making your benefit concrete .This means making your

Reward System in Educational Settings Essay Example for Free

Reward System in Educational Settings Essay The reward systems used in educational settings originates from psychology of behavior that specifically gives specific emphasis on promoting good discipline in educational settings. Education institutions are able to make significant differences in children’s behavior through setting out definite rules and stipulating sanctions and rewards for violating them. The fundamental nature of such systems is the idea that students can choose how to conduct themselves. Therefore, by rewarding and recognizing good behaviors whereas bad ones are punished, it is believed that students will aspire to choose good behaviors. A number of psychologists argue that in most cases education institutions focus on rectifying bad behaviors only rather than recognizing or reinforcing good behavior among students. They therefore criticize such an approach as being too basic because it eliminates the framework within which students’ conduct occurs and leaves total liability up on individual for their behavior. Although such criticizing arguments have been put forward, reward systems have been widely adopted in most education institutions especially primary and secondary schools. There are argued to impact positively on student’s behavior and performance as well as to teachers (Kohn, 1993). In regard to this, psychologists have explained the reward systems using a number of learning theories which relates the psychology and education disciplines. Learning is the means through which cognitive, emotional, and environment influences and experiences suitable for enhancing, acquiring, or making ones skills, knowledge, and values are brought together. Thus, the learning process puts emphasis on events that occur in the learning environment and this is explained by a number of learning theories. The learning theories clarify on how animals and people learn thus aiding us to understand the inherent complex learning process. All the learning theories which have been put forward by various psychologists are grouped into three categories: cognitive, behavior, constructivism and social-cognitive. Motivation of students is the basic necessity to guarantee success of any education enterprise. The dynamics of motivation can be explained as the types of academic and social goals which students brings into the classrooms, motivating elements of such goals, and the existing reward systems that together control the quantity and quality of learning as well as the will to keep on learning (Deci Ryan, 1986). Motivation has been categorized by psychologists into four groups: instrumental motivation, achievement motivation, intrinsic motivation, and social motivation. However, more than one type of motivation may occur to a student at a given time. Instrumental motivation as a type of motivation is exclusively extrinsic because students carry out tasks as they are influenced by probable final consequences such as the probability of acquiring material rewards or keeping away from a reprimand. Therefore, in cases of such motivation, teachers are supposed to ensure that tasks being performed are put in contexts that students perceive pleasant. Social motivation argues that students execute tasks in order to please people they admire, respect or whose views are of significance to them. In regard to this social motivation, rewards have no significance although tangible as well as immaterial. Besides, rewards are correlated expressly to the perceived association between the learners and the teachers or instructors whose underpinning activities such as praise and approval are considered important. Achievement motivation involves students learning and hoping for success and it has three components: cognitive drive –whereby students attempts to satisfy identified ‘need to know’; self enhancement –learners satisfy the call for self-respect; affiliation –learners seek support from others; Intrinsic motivation is characterized by the absence of external rewards hence tasks are undertaken for the pleasure and satisfaction they bring the students. It appears to be fundamental to high quality participation in an undertaking as well as being self-terminating and self-maintaining. Curiosity and a desire to meet challenges may characterize the learning of students motivated in this style (Ardord, 2006). To clearly explain the system of reward in schools, a few theories are explained. Maslow’s theory of motivation focuses on a person’s striving for excellence and he explained this through ‘hierarchy of human needs’. Maslow pointed out that every human being is a ‘wanting animal’ hence he supposed that an individual’s behavior at any given time is dominated by his/her needs that have largest potency. As lower level psychological needs of a person are sufficiently achieved, the needs for higher level psychological needs come in handy. In the context of education, Maslow’s theory argues that students cannot and/or are not willing to learn or put more effort if their basic needs are not provided or met. Therefore, students require psychological needs to be met alongside their safety feelings and a sense of belonging. Such leads to spontaneous sense as learners who are hungry will not concentrate, nor will learners who are bullied and neither will learners who perceive to be outsiders and without friends. According to Maslow, learners are motivated if they are self-actualized and any hindrances affects learning environment considerably (Ibid, 2006). Skinner came up with a theoretical framework referred to as operant conditioning to explain that human beings cannot learn best without being provided or promised with a reward. He argued that human beings like every other organisms makes a direct and anticipated response –operant- when they are aware that there is a reward. Therefore, in cases where a response happens and emphasized, there is increased probability that it will happen again when a comparable stimulus is present. Hence, skinner argued that student’s tend to learn best when behavioral change occurs. In his experiment, Skinner had come up with learning units referred to as ‘contingencies of reinforcement’. These are sequences within which behaviors or responses are followed by reinforcing stimuli. The outstanding learning principle in this theory states that behaviors/responses are naturally produced without bring out stimuli. Besides, such behaviors are operants as their production can be instrumental in punishing or reinforcing consequences among students. Therefore, this theory is useful in understanding a person’s learning, social interaction, and human development via making open a number of normal law relationships created into human life by God. Thus, the theory concurs on the necessity to have a system of reward in schools based on students’ behavior which seems notable (Tayo, 2001). Penn in his work argues that in self-worth theory, motivation is the one of most vital factors to determine the attitude of learners as well as their behavior as a sense of self-respect. The answer to self-worth is learner’s perception of his/her own capability particularly when compared to others. If an imaginary hierarchy of self-worth is drawn, learners will tend to give ability the first priority, followed by effort and performance. The theory as claimed can be explained by equating both worth and ability. The author quoting other psychologists writes that applying personal goal-setting arrangements (gives learners a chance to define their own criteria for success), outcome-based evaluation and instruction (slower learning students experience success without competing with faster learning students), attribution learning (facilitates uninterested learners to consider failure being the lack of effort instead of ability), and cooperative learning activities (facilitates learners in understanding that individual effort contributes to personal as well as group goals) removes barriers to achieving motivation and redirects learners’ behavior far away from letdown-avoiding activities in educational settings (Penn, 2002). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation theories differ only in terms of goals that different student have. Intrinsic motivation argues that students study just for the sake. The learners derive personal satisfaction as well as learning new ideas from learning and regard the m as a reward (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). On the other hand, extrinsically motivated students are influenced by outside influences for instance praise from peer and teacher, attaining good grades, and/or any other form of reinforcement a peer or teacher can offer. Some people have argued that intrinsically motivated students tend to learn more as compared to those who are extrinsically motivated. Reason may be because intrinsically motivated learners as well extrinsically motivated. However, extrinsically motivated learners are seldom motivated intrinsically. Extrinsic rewards encompasses use of tangible rewards such as payments and gifts so as to keep learners interested in particular subjects as well as motivate them (Deci Ryan, 2002). Intrinsic motivation has for a long time been criticized for its unconstructive influence on intrinsic motivation as well as being claimed to have a short term effect. In regard to intrinsic motivation, learners have the feelings of self-determination, pride, and competence. However, students are highly interested in activities when they are motivated by gifts, prizes, grades, or money as long as they received anticipated reward. Therefore, with time a student who receives a reward for their performance in a particular subject, they gradually become interested in it and develop intrinsic motivation. A big difference exists between tangible rewards (candy, money, certificates) and verbal rewards (praise, positive feedback). Tangible rewards influences intrinsic motivation negatively and destroy self-regulation (Wilson Corpus, 2001). Conclusion Although the reward system has for a long time been applied in schools, a couple of issues need to be addressed if it will remain effective. Teachers and parents needs to be consistent in using rewards and sanctions, the reward system whether individual, cooperative or competitive should be monitored on regular basis, keeping-off from rewards that have monetary worth or those that indicates that school tasks are of no value, and making certain that rewards are deserved and genuine rather than being routine (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). Whichever the reward system an education institution adopts, a positive culture in schools is established reason being efforts and good behaviors of the pupils are recognized. Thus, most students tend to put more effort so as to achieve established rewards and as a result the overall performance of school improves.

Effective Communication :: Communication in Leadership

Overview of Section In Long’s chapter â€Å"Communication† in Leadership Tripod: A New Model for Effective Leadership (2004), Long defines communication as â€Å"the passing of information between at least two parties† (p. 89). He shares general communication principles, ways to improve communication, and evaluate it. His premise is: â€Å"Unless those placing leaders, the leaders themselves, and those under leadership can communicate effectively, leadership will not be as strong as it should be in order for the organization to achieve at its highest level† (p. 87). All involved in communication from the top down need to understand and implement effective communication despite misconceptions. †¢ In the process of encoding and decoding (communicating), â€Å"noise† occurs. â€Å"For true communication to take place, the receiver has to be able to decode the message the way the encoder wants to be understood† (p. 90). Both, encoder and the decoder, need to take the time to ensure a message has been correctly decoded. †¢ It is important to understand methods of communication and inhibitors to decoding. o Vernacular use and inflection are two common hindrances to verbal communication. o The telephone can create communication problems. Voice mail can be impersonal and unprofessional; therefore, these communications need to be clear and thorough. o Handwritten communications include the note, letter, and electronic mail. While the note can be used to encourage and affirm, it takes time and must be distributed fairly and equally. Letters should be personalized, even if database generated. E-mail seems to be immediate, efficient, and quick; however, it can be impersonal and allow the encoder to not be responsible for ensuring communication has occurred and been correctly decoded. o Nonverbal communication includes behavior, gestures, facial expressions, body language, and personal space. Many do not realize the nonverbal messages they send; therefore, leaders need to understand and be able to truly interpret them. Implications for Teacher †¢ Teachers are leaders in the classroom, thereby, responsible to effectively communicate with students, parents, the community, colleagues, and administration. †¢ Teachers need to take the time to ensure communication has been successful—encoding and decoding. †¢ Teachers utilize verbal, telephone, written, and nonverbal communication.

The Effect of Custodial Sentences

What is the effect of custodial sentences on the mental health of young offenders' in England aged between 12-17 years?Introduction(200 Words)There is widespread concern that the prison environment, with its rules and regimes, may have a detrimental impact on the mental health of young offenders, and those with mental illnesses in particular (Birmingham, 2003). The world health organization defined mental health as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community WHO (2014). That is, good mental health is one being generally able to think, feel and react in the ways that you need and want to live your life. But if you go through a period of poor mental health you might find the ways you're frequently thinking, feeling or reacting become difficult, or even impossible, to cope with. This can feel just as bad as a physical illness, or even worse. This research proposal necessitate the rationale for looking into the effects of custodial sentences in the age bracket. Highlighting the aim and objectives for a comprehensive research with methodological justification and the need to scrutinize ethical bias issues in surface. Furthermore, timetable is been developed to facilitate for better analysis and conduct of the research. Also, self-reflection in conclusion is adopted as a way of assessing ways of working and how the research proposal was conducted. Research texts (Gray 2009; Robson 2011; Saunders ; Lewis, 2012) consistently argue – a clear research question supported by a convincing rationale justified by academic literature is essential for a good research project. Background and Rationale for the study (800 words)In spite of the fact that there is a growing body of writing on the mental health needs of young people in the justice system, there remain many unanswered questions.In the year ending March 2016, there were 27,900 young people sentenced in England. This number has fallen by 10% compared with the previous year, and by 71% since the year ending March 2006. However, Community sentences including referral orders and Youth Rehabilitation Orders were most commonly imposed in 68% of sentences Youth Justice Board (2017). Children and young people in custody are three times as likely as their peers to have unmet mental health need, with many having experienced multiple traumas during their young lives such as neglect, abuse and maltreatment. Children in custody are facing a significant shortfall in mental health provision, with some given no access to psychology services and having to wait more than half a year for treatment. Young offenders aged between 12 and 17, many of whom suffer with mental health problems, are being left with urgent needs unmet due to reduced services in secure training centres (STCs) according to recent HMP inspections Youth Justice Board (2017). The 2016 Ministry of Justice review on children who are in the justice system reported that significant numbers of black, Muslim and white working class boys in custody have mental and other health problems. These groups are particularly over-represented in custody, where over 40% are from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, a large proportion have previously been in care 38% in Young Offender Institutions, 52% in Secure Training Centers, and more than a third have a diagnosed mental health disorder Ministry of Justice (2016). All children who come into contact with youth justice services are vulnerable by virtue of their young age and developmental immaturity according to the prison reform trust The Prison Reform Trust (2010).Many, however, are doubly vulnerable, that is, they are disadvantaged socially, educationally, and also because they experience a range of impairments and emotional difficulties. It is well established that children who offend have more complex health and support needs than other children of their age (Mental Health Foundation 2002).The health and wellbeing needs of these children tend to be particularly severe by the time they are at risk of receiving a community sentence, and even more so when they receive a custodial sentence. If these children are not helped at an early age, they can be sentenced to a lifetime of declining health and worsening offending behavior, with significant long term costs to the taxpayer, and to the victims of these crimes. Brief contacts with the youth justice system are only one element of state intervention in the lives of these children and their families; the role of schools, social care and health services are all critical determinants of improving outcomes Local Government Association (2017). There has been evidence that suggest young that people within the youth justice system have high level of needs in a number of different areas, including health, education, and social and emotional well-being (Chitsabesan et al., 2006; Lader et al., 2000). In particular, studies consistently suggest that young offenders have high levels of mental health needs (Teplin et al., 2002) and neurodevelopmental disorders (Hughes et al., 2012). Even though evidence of high prevalence is found, many of these needs are unmet due to lack of appropriate screening and identification and poor continuity of care (Harrington and Bailey, 2005). This is particularly apparent amongst young people in custody. The British Medical Association sets out with clarity and integrity the human rights principles that provide the foundation for good work with vulnerable children in trouble with the law. The British Medical Association report makes it clear, that young offender institution and other places of youth detention are not full of happy, healthy children and young (BMA 2014,p10)Young offenders' experience of abuse has been found to be significant factors in their lives Beyond Youth Custody (2014). The majority of young violent offenders sentenced to custody had experienced both abuse and loss, suggesting that the existence of a double childhood trauma may be a potent factor in the lives of violent young offenders. However, it must be stressed that child abuse and loss are not the only potential causes of violent offending, nor does every abused child become an offender. Yet an unresolved trauma is likely to manifest itself in some way at a later date. Many children become depressed, disturbed, violent or all three, with girls tending to internalise their responses and boys tending to externalise theirs. Such experiences are sufficiently prevalent to warrant the introduction of systematic assessment for violent young offenders. Attempting to address young offenders' behavior without understanding their underlying difficulties can result in unsuccessful and sometimes detrimental interventions. Failure to take account of experiences of trauma and its impact upon child development and emotional well-being will limit the potential benefits of resettlement or rehabilitation work. According to the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (2010) Justice Policy Review, the coalition government published a green paper on punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing which promised a ‘rehabilitation revolution ‘in relation to its plans for dealing with offending by young people, ‘We must do better so that we can stop the young offenders of today becoming the prolific adult offenders of tomorrow'.an emphasis on prevention, on restorative justice, and on informal intervention points to successive governments concerns about the juvenile prison population. They proposed alternative to youth custody, part of their proposal was that Young Offenders Academy will replace custodial environment, instead the focus will be on community and localism, harnessing integrated education, mental health and family services in order to focus on the education and development of the children. Against a backdrop of high levels of custodial vulnerabilities ; mental illness experienced by young offenders (Bateman and Hazel, 2014; Association for Young People's Health, 2013; National Audit Office, 2015) it can be argued that this topic is worthy of a research. Most noteworthy is the need to understand what is working and not working in terms of understanding custodial related vulnerabilities ; mental illness among young people through reviewing literature so as to increase knowledge base in these areas of practice. Aim To explore the effect of custodial sentences on young offenders' age between 12-17 years on their mental health in England?ObjectivesThe objectives of the proposal are: To explore the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK.To examine the overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offender's custody and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement. To assess the impact of government policy in supporting young offenders in and out of prison. Methodology ; Justification (800 Words) The research will engage primary and secondary method to evaluate the effects of custodial sentences on young offenders between the age group of 12-17 years on how being in custody affects their mental state. The most important factor in conducting secondary (Qualitative) research is that enough information could be gather which might help in deciding whether or not there is need to conduct primary research. Qualitative research is associated with the social constructivist paradigm which emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality which Seeks to uncover deeper meanings to human behaviour and emotions and the design of the research determines the sample, how data is collected and how it is analyse (Ritchie and Lewis, 2004). Whereas Primary (Quantitative) research Involves collecting and converting data into numerical form for statistical analysis and statistical analysis which enables researchers to determine to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables, to determine the sample chosen, how data is collected and how the data is analysed (De Vaus, 2004). Information on the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK, Overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offenders both in custody and in the community and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement (custody versus community) and the impact of government policy and initiative in supporting these young offenders in and out of prison. It will look at studies and evidences and also look at alternative therapeutic on youths with severe emotional disorders due to custodial sentence. Government policies will also be look at. The purpose is to test the hypothesis. Sufficient steps to critically evaluate the validity and reliability of the secondary data will be stress. In undertaking a qualitative research, various points of approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research shall be access and critically analyze. The approaches which shall be engage are, firstly the defining of a sample universe by way of specifying inclusion and exclusion criteria for potential participation, secondly the deciding upon a sample size, through the conjoint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns, thirdly selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy for the avoidance of bias, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed consent. The extent to which these various concerns are met and made explicit in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, transparency, impact and trustworthiness. Hence the reason why they'll require considerate analysis. According to current practice for research in custody settings, the consent of the custodial director or from Her Majesty Prison Service (HMP) suffices and replaces parental consent. Eighty semi-structured interviews will be carry out with key stakeholders to ascertain the structures of current service provision, and processes involved in provision and outcome. This includes interviews with youth offending staffs, managers and staff within secure establishments, and providers of mental health services in the young offenders' institutes. Between 20-40 percent of young offenders will also be question about their satisfaction with a variety of different services. All sampled children in YOI at the time of the surveys will be invited to engage from to complete a questionnaire. Every effort shall be made to speak to each participant individually in order to explain the purpose and confidentiality of the survey and the independence of the process. Both boys and girls who might need help to complete the survey due to literacy or language difficulties shall be supported with face to face questioning instead. Self-completed questionnaires will be place in sealed envelopes and collected within the survey time frame. The survey will be conducted to ensure any child protection and safeguarding issues arise during the process could be follow up, each questionnaire will be number so that any relevant comments could be trace back to the respondent. Children shall be made aware of this.Google scholar, Academic search complete, Zetoc and Academic premier will be use as the main search engines. Data base which will be accessed are IngentaConnect, Sage journals online, Science direct, The Cochrane library, and Social care online. Key words which will be used in the search is ‘custodial sentence on young offenders between 12-17 years on their mental health in England'. Boolean Operators which use a simple words e.g. AND, OR, NOT will be used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, to enable result which are more focused and can produce productive results. This should save time by eliminating inappropriate hits.Ethical and Bias issues (400 Words)Bias is defined as any tendency which prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question. In research, bias occurs when systematic error is introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others. Bias can occur at any phase of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication.In reviewing the literature's search, consideration to the degree to which bias may be presented shall be carefully analyze. Avoidance on how bias might influence a study's conclusions shall also be consider. Writing this research proposal proved very difficult in commencing. My initial thought was that it would be less tedious in comparison to writing an essay. However, participating in lectures and engaging in class activities gave me the stamina and enthusiasm to engage in the process. Having not engage in such a process before was definitely going to be a challenge. I started by going through the lecture notes and the weekly lecture slides to be able to understand how to develop a research question. A research question helps you to focus on your research by providing a path to navigate the research and writing process (Punch, 2006). Although I had partake in the same lecture on how to develop a research question, yet my understanding was a little vague. I searched using the Google website using what I already had in mind and I came across an article from the Independent Newspaper talking about the mental health of young offenders. I then engage with the literature search strategy to develop my question. Building on the research question helped me to develop the introduction which in itself was also not explicit. Again I turn to the lecture notes to guide me on that. One of the most difficult task in the process was developing the rationale. I struggle to understand the fundamentals on how to cultivate an effective rationale due to not fully understanding the important historical and contextual events which is vital in research and which informs the reader about why and how the research problem I'm interested in exist.